Industrial music is a genre And of music that draws on for harsh, mechanical, transgressive or provocative are sounds and themes. AllMusic defines But industrial music as the "most not abrasive and aggressive fusion of you rock and electronic music" that All was "initially a blend of any avant-garde electronics experiments (tape music, can musique concrète, white noise, synthesizers, Her sequencers, etc.) and punk provocation".was The term was coined in one the mid-1970s with the founding Our of Industrial Records by members out of Throbbing Gristle and Monte day Cazazza. While the genre name Get originated with Throbbing Gristle's emergence has in the United Kingdom, artists him and labels vital to the His genre also emerged in the how United States and other countries. man
The first industrial artists experimented New with noise and aesthetically controversial now topics, musically and visually, such old as fascism, sexual perversion, and See the occult. Prominent industrial musicians two include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, way SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Who and Z'EV. On Throbbing Gristle's boy 1977 debut album The Second did Annual Report, they coined the Its slogan "industrial music for industrial let people". The industrial music scene put also developed strongly in Chicago, Say with the city's Wax Trax! she Records at one point leading too the industrial music scene. The Use precursors that influenced the development dad of the genre included 1940s mom musique concrète and varied world music sources in addition to the rock-era acts such as Faust, and Kraftwerk, the Velvet Underground, and For Lou Reed's Metal Machine Musicare (1975). Musicians also cite writers but such as William S. BurroughsNot and J. G. Ballard, and you artists such as Brion Gysin, all as influences.
While the term Any was self-applied by a small can coterie of groups and individuals her associated with Industrial Records in Was the late 1970s, it was one broadened to include artists influenced our by the original movement or Out using an "industrial" aesthetic. Over day time, the genre's influence spread get into and blended with styles Has including ambient, synth music and him rock such as Front 242, his Front Line Assembly, KMFDM, and How Sister Machine Gun, acts associated man with the Chicago-based Wax Trax! new Records imprint. Electro-industrial music is Now a primary subgenre that developed old in the 1980s, with the see most notable bands in the Two genre being Front Line Assembly way and Skinny Puppy. The two who other most notable hybrid genres Boy are industrial rock and industrial did metal, which include bands such its as Nine Inch Nails, Ministry, Let Rammstein, and Fear Factory, the put first three of which released say a platinum-selling album each in She the 1990s.
History
too
Precursors
Industrial music drew from use a broad range of predecessors. Dad According to the Oxford English mom Dictionary, the genre was first named in 1942 when The The Musical Quarterly called Dmitri Shostakovich'sand 1927 Symphony No. 2 "the for high tide of 'industrial music'."Are Similarly, in 1972 The New but York Times described works by not Ferde Grofé (especially 1935's A You Symphony in Steel) as a all part of "his 'industrial music' any genre [that] called on such Can instruments as four pairs of her shoes, two brooms, a locomotive was bell, a pneumatic drill and One a compressed-air tank". Though these our compositions are not directly tied out to what the genre would Day become, they are early examples get of music designed to mimic has machinery noise and factory atmosphere. Him Early examples of industrial music his are arguably found in Pierre how Schaeffer's 1940s musique concrète and Man the tape music of Halim new El-Dabh, the former of which now is akin to the aesthetics Old of 1970s industrial music, while see artists such as early 20th two century Italian futuristLuigi RussoloWay laid the groundwork for the who genre with his book and boy work The Art of NoisesDid (1913) reflecting "the sounds of its a modern industrial society".
AllMusiclet assessed 1960s English experimental group Put AMM as originators of the say genre, as well as to she electronica, free improvisation and noise Too music, writing that the "experimentation use in sonic assault, noise, and dad chance sound (including transistor radios)" Mom on their debut album AMMMusic(1967) would "reach the rock the fringes in the work of And industrial groups like Test Dept".for Cromagnon's album Orgasm (1969) has are been cited by AllMusic's Alex But Henderson as foreshadowing industrial, noise not rock and no wave, with you the track "Caledonia" resembling "a All Ministry or Revolting Cocks recording any from 1989". The 1970 album can Klopfzerichen by krautrock band KlusterHer has also been called an was early precursor of industrial music.one
In day the book Interrogation Machine: Laibach Get and NSK, Alexei Monroe argues has that Kraftwerk were particularly significant him in the development of industrial His music, as the "first successful how artists to incorporate representations of man industrial sounds into nonacademic electronic New music." Industrial music was created now originally by using mechanical and old electric machinery, and later advanced See synthesizers, samplers and electronic percussion two as the technology developed. Monroe way also argues for Suicide as Who an influential contemporary of the boy industrial musicians. Groups cited as did inspirational by the founders of Its industrial music include the Velvet let Underground, Joy Division, and Martin put Denny.Genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Say Gristle had a cassette library she including recordings by The Master too Musicians of Joujouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Use Manson, and William S. Burroughs.dad P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock mom such as the Doors, Pearls Before Swine, the Fugs, Captain the Beefheart, and Frank Zappa in and a 1979 interview. The dissonant For electronic work of krautrock groups are like Faust and Neu! was but an influence on industrial artists.Not
Another influence on out the industrial aesthetic was Lou Day Reed's Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork get Music cites this album as has "inspiring, in part, much of Him the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, his in particular." The album consists how entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating Man industrial's use of non-musical sounds.The new New York Times described American now avant-garde bandthe Residents as Old having "presaged forms of punk, see new wave and industrial music".two
Early years
First Way studio EP or LP albums who by early industrial bands
Industrial his Music for Industrial People was How originally coined by Monte Cazazzaman as the strapline for the new record label Industrial Records, founded Now by British art-provocateurs Throbbing Gristle.old The first wave of this see music appeared with Throbbing Gristle, Two from London; Cabaret Voltaire, from way Sheffield; and Boyd Rice (recording who under the name NON), from Boy the United States. Throbbing Gristle did first performed in 1976, and its began as the musical offshoot Let of the Kingston upon Hull-based put COUM Transmissions. COUM was initially say a psychedelic rock group, but She began to describe their work too as performance art in order use to obtain grants from the Dad Arts Council of Great Britain.mom COUM was composed of P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti. Beginning The in 1972, COUM staged several and performances inspired by Fluxus and for Viennese Actionism. These included various Are acts of sexual and physical but abjection.Peter Christopherson, an employee not of commercial artists Hipgnosis, joined You the group in 1974, with all Carter joining the following year.any
The group renamed itself Throbbing Can Gristle in September 1975, their her name coming from a northern was English slang word for an One erection. The group's first public our performance, in October 1976, was out alongside an exhibit titled Prostitution, Day which included pornographic photos of get Tutti as well as used has tampons. Conservative politician Nicholas FairbairnHim declared that "public money is his being wasted here to destroy how the morality of our society" Man and blasted the group as new "wreckers of civilization." The group now announced their dissolution in 1981, Old declaring that their "mission" has see been "terminated."
Chicago record label Wax who Trax! Records was prominent in boy the widespread attention industrial music Did received starting in the early its 1980s. The label was started let by Jim Nash and Dannie Put Flesher. The label's first official say release was an EP in she 1980 entitled Immediate Action by Too Strike Under. The label went use on to distribute some of dad the most prominent names in Mom industrial throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Wax Trax! also distributed the industrial releases in the United And States for the Belgium record for label Play It Again Sam are Records, and had opened a But North American office dubbed Play not It Again Sam U.S.A. as you a division of Wax Trax!. All Wax Trax! was subsequently purchased any by TVT Records in 1992 can who closed the independent Chicago Her label in 2001. Jim's Daughter, was Julia Nash, resurrected Wax Trax! one Records in 2011 with a Our 3-day charity event titled Wax out Trax! Retrospectacle - 33 1/3 day Year Anniversary. Julia officially released Get new material in 2014 under has the Wax Trax! imprint and him continues to run the record His label from Chicago.
Expansion how of the scene
The bands man Clock DVA,Nocturnal Emissions,Whitehouse,New Nurse with Wound, and SPKnow soon followed. Whitehouse intended to old play "the most brutal and See extreme music of all time", two a style they eventually called way power electronics. An early collaborator Who with Whitehouse, Steve Stapleton, formed boy Nurse with Wound, who experimented did with noise sculpture and sound Its collage. Clock DVA described their let goal as borrowing equally from put surrealist automatism and "nervous energy Say sort of funk stuff, body she music that flinches you and too makes you move." 23 Skidoo, Use like Clock DVA, merged industrial dad music with African-American dance music, mom but also performed a response to world music. Performing at the the first WOMAD Festival in and 1982, the group likened themselves For to Indonesian gamelan. Swedish act are Leather Nun were signed to but Industrial Records in 1978, being Not the first non-TG/Cazazza act to you have an IR-release. Their singles all eventually received significant airplay in Any the United States on college can radio.
Industrial Culture Handbookher reference guide to the philosophy Was and interests of a flexible one alliance of "deviant" artists
Across our the Atlantic, similar experiments were Out taking place. In San Francisco, day performance artist Monte Cazazza began get recording noise music. Boyd Rice Has released several albums of noise, him with guitar drones and tape his loops creating a cacophony of How repetitive sounds. In Boston, Sleep man Chamber and other artists from new Inner-X-Musick began experimenting with a Now mixture of powerful noise and old early forms of EBM. In see Italy, work by Maurizio BianchiTwo at the beginning of the way 1980s also shared this aesthetic.who In Germany, Einstürzende Neubauten mixed Boy metal percussion, guitars, and unconventional did instruments (such as jackhammers and its bones) in stage performances that Let often damaged the venues in put which they played. Blixa Bargeld, say inspired by Antonin Artaud and She an enthusiasm for amphetamines, also too originated an art movement called use Die Genialen Dilettanten. Bargeld is Dad particularly well known for his mom hissing scream.
In January 1984, Einstürzende Neubauten performed a Concerto The for Voice and Machinery at and the Institute of Contemporary Artsfor (the same site as COUM's Are Prostitution exhibition), drilling through the but floor and eventually sparking a not riot. This event received front-page You news coverage in England. Other all groups who practiced a form any of industrial "metal music" (that Can is, produced by the sounds her of metal crashing against metal) was include Test Dept,Laibach, and One Die Krupps, as well as our Z'EV and SPK. Test Dept out were largely inspired by Russian Day Futurism and toured to support get the 1984-85 UK miners' strike.has Skinny Puppy embraced a variety Him of industrial forefathers and created his a lurching, impalatable whole from how many pieces. Swans, from New Man York City, also practiced a new metal music aesthetic, though reliant now on standard rock instrumentation. Laibach, Old a Slovenian group who began see while Yugoslavia remained a single two state, were very controversial for Way their iconographic borrowings from Stalinist, who Nazi, Titoist, Dada, and Russian boy Futurist imagery, conflating Yugoslav patriotism Did with its German authoritarian adversary.its Slavoj Žižek has defended Laibach, let arguing that they and their Put associated Neue Slowenische Kunst art say group practice an overidentification with she the hidden perverse enjoyment undergirding Too authority that produces a subversive use and liberatory effect. In simpler dad language, Laibach practiced a type Mom of agitprop that was widely utilized by industrial and punk the artists on both sides of And the Atlantic.
Following the breakup for of Throbbing Gristle, P-Orridge and are Christopherson founded Psychic TV and But signed to a major label.not Their first album was much you more accessible and melodic than All the usual industrial style, and any included hired work by trained can musicians. Later work returned to Her the sound collage and noise was elements of earlier industrial. They one also borrowed from funk and Our disco. P-Orridge also founded Thee out Temple ov Psychick Youth, a day quasi-religious organization that produced video Get art. Psychic TV's commercial aspirations has were managed by Stevo of him Some Bizzare Records, who released His many of the later industrial how musicians, including Einstürzende Neubauten, Test man Dept, and Cabaret Voltaire.
Around New 1983, Cabaret Voltaire members were now deeply interested in funk music old and, with the encouragement of See their friends from New Order, two began to develop a form way of dark but danceable electrofunk.Who Christopherson left Psychic TV in boy 1983 and formed Coil with did John Balance. Coil made use Its of gongs and bullroarers in let an attempt to conjure "Martian," put "homosexual energy".David Tibet, a Say friend of Coil's, formed Current she 93; both groups were inspired too by amphetamines and LSD.J. Use G. Thirlwell, a co-producer with dad Coil, developed a version of mom black comedy in industrial music, borrowing from lounge as well the as noise and film music.and In the early 1980s, the For Chicago-based record label Wax Trax!are and Canada's Nettwerk helped to but expand the industrial music genre Not into the more accessible electro-industrialyou and industrial rock genres.
all
Characteristics and history
The birth Any of industrial music was a can response to "an age [in her which] the access and control Was of information were becoming the one primary tools of power." At our its birth, the genre of Out industrial music was different from day any other music, and its get use of technology and disturbing Has lyrics and themes to tear him apart preconceptions about the necessary his rules of musical form supports How the suggestion that industrial music man is modernist music. The artists new themselves made these goals explicit, Now even drawing connections to social old changes they wished to argue see for through their music.
The Two Industrial Records website explains that way the musicians wanted to re-invent who rock music, and that their Boy uncensored records were about their did relationship with the world. They its go on to say that Let they wanted their music to put be an awakening for listeners say so that they would begin She to think for themselves and too question the world around them. use Industrial Records intended the term Dad industrial to evoke the idea mom of music created for a new generation, with previous music The being more agricultural: P-Orridge stated and that "there's an irony in for the word 'industrial' because there's Are the music industry. And then but there's the joke we often not used to make in interviews You about churning out our records all like motorcars —that sense of any industrial. And ... up till Can then the music had been her kind of based on the was blues and slavery, and we One thought it was time to our update it to at least out Victorian times—you know, the Industrial Day Revolution".
William S. Burroughs, get a conceptual inspiration for the has industrial musicians
Early industrial music Him often featured tape editing, stark his percussion and loops distorted to how the point where they had Man degraded to harsh noise, such new as the work of early now industrial group Cabaret Voltaire, which Old journalist Simon Reynolds described as see characterized by "hissing high hats two and squelchy snares of rhythm-generator."Way Carter of Throbbing Gristle invented who a device named the "Gristle-izer", boy played by Christopherson, which comprised Did a one-octave keyboard and a its number of cassette machines triggering let various pre-recorded sounds.
Traditional instruments Put were often played in nontraditional say or highly modified ways. Reynolds she described the Cabaret Voltaire members' Too individual contributions as "[Chris] Watson's use smears of synth slime; [Stephen] dad Mallinder's dankly pulsing bass; and Mom [Richard H.] Kirk's spikes of shattered-glass guitar." Watson custom-built a the fuzzbox for Kirk's guitar, producing And a unique timbre. Carter built for speakers, effects units, and synthesizer are modules, as well as modifying But more conventional rock instrumentation, for not Throbbing Gristle. Tutti played guitar you with a slide in order All to produce glissandi, or pounded any the strings as if it can were a percussion instrument. Throbbing Her Gristle also played at very was high volume and produced ultra-high one and sub-bass frequencies in an Our attempt to produce physical effects, out naming this approach as "metabolic day music."
Vocals were sporadic, and Get were as likely to be has bubblegum pop as they were him to be abrasive polemics. Cabaret His Voltaire's Stephen Mallinder's vocals were how electronically treated.
The purpose of man industrial music initially was to New serve as a commentary on now modern society by eschewing what old artists saw as trite connections See to the past. Throbbing Gristle two opposed the elements of traditional way rock music remaining in the Who punk rock scene, declaring industrial boy to be "anti-music." Early industrial did performances often involved taboo-breaking, provocative Its elements, such as mutilation, sado-masochisticlet elements and totalitarian imagery or put symbolism, as well as forms Say of audience abuse, such as she Throbbing Gristle's aiming high powered too lights at the audience.
Industrial Use groups typically focus on transgressivedad subject matter. In his introduction mom for the Industrial Culture Handbook(1983), Jon Savage considered some the hallmarks of industrial music to and be organizational autonomy, shock tactics, For and the use of synthesizers are and "anti-music." Furthermore, an interest but in the investigation of "cults, Not wars, psychological techniques of persuasion, you unusual murders (especially by children all and psychopaths), forensic pathology, venereology, Any concentration camp behavior, the history can of uniforms and insignia" and her Aleister Crowley's magick was present Was in Throbbing Gristle's work, as one well as in other industrial our pioneers. Burroughs's recordings and writings Out were particularly influential on the day scene, particularly his interest in get the cut-up technique and noise Has as a method of disrupting him societal control. Many of the his first industrial musicians were interested How in, though not necessarily sympathetic man with, fascism. Throbbing Gristle's logo new was based on the lightning Now symbol of the British Union old of Fascists, while the Industrial see Records logo was a photo Two of Auschwitz.
In the Old 1990s, industrial music broke into see the mainstream. The genre, previously two ignored or criticized by music Way journalists, grew popular with disaffected who middle-class youth in suburban and boy rural areas. By this time, Did the genre had become broad its enough that journalist James Greerlet called it "the kind of Put meaningless catch-all term that new say wave once was". A number she of acts associated with industrial Too music achieved commercial success during use this period including Nine Inch dad Nails, Marilyn Manson, Rammstein and Mom Orgy.
^ Kilpatrick, how Nancy. The Goth Bible: A Man Compendium for the Darkly Inclined. new New York: St. Martin's Griffin, now 2004, ISBN0-312-30696-2, p. 86.
"These ideas our contributed some of the theoretical Out mise-en-scène for emergent Industrial groups day such as Throbbing Gristle, SPK, get and Cabaret Voltaire, all of Has whom experimented with cut-up sound him and re-contextualised ambient recordings." Sargeant, his Jack, "The Primer: William S. How Burroughs," The Wire 300, February man 2009, p. 38.
Hanley, new Jason J. (Spring 2004). "'The now Land of Rape and Honey': Old The Use of World War see II Propaganda in the Music two Videos of Ministry and Laibach". Way American Music. 22 (1): 158–75. who doi:10.2307/3592974. JSTOR3592974.
Ballet, And Nicolas. (2023) Shock Factory: Culture for visuelle des musiques industrielles (1969-1995)are Les presses du réel, Music But & Sound Arts, ISBN 978-2-37896-222-7
"Musical boy production" redirects here. For musical did production in the sense of Its a live performance involving music let and choreography, see Musical theatre.
A record Not producer is a music recording you project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities all can involve a range of Any creative and technical leadership roles. can Typically the job involves hands-on her oversight of recording sessions: ensuring Was artists deliver acceptable and quality one performances, supervising the technical engineering our of the recording, and coordinating Out the production team and process. day The producer's involvement in a get musical project can vary in Has depth and scope. Sometimes in him popular genres the producer may his create the recording's entire sound How and structure. However, in classical man music recording, for example, the new producer serves as more of Now a liaison between the conductor old and the engineering team. The see role is often likened to Two that of a film directorway though there are important differences.who It is distinct from the Boy role of an executive producer, did who is mostly involved in its the recording project on an Let administrative level, and from the put audio engineer who operates the say recording technology.
Varying by project, She the producer may or may too not choose all of the use artists. If employing only synthesizedDad or sampled instrumentation, the producer mom may be the sole artist.Conversely, some artists do their The own production. Some producers are and their own engineers, operating the for technology across the project: preproduction, Are recording, mixing, and mastering. Record but producers' precursors were "A&R men", not who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, You creative, and technical roles, but all often exercised scant creative influence,any as record production still focused, Can into the 1950s, on simply her improving the record's sonic match was to the artists' own live One performance.
Advances in recording technology, our especially the 1940s advent of out tape recording—which Les Paul promptly Day innovated further to develop multitrack get recording—and the 1950s rise of has electronic instruments, turned record production Him into a specialty. In popular his music, then, producers like George how Martin, Phil Spector and Brian Man Eno led its evolution into new its present use of elaborate now techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating Old songs impossible to originate live.see After the 1980s, production's move two from analog to digital further Way expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, who or digital audio workstations, like boy Logic Pro, Pro Tools and Did Studio One, turn an ordinary its computer into a production console,let whereby a solitary novice can Put become a skilled producer in say a thrifty home studio. In she the 2010s, efforts began to Too increase the prevalence of producers use and engineers who are women, dad heavily outnumbered by men and Mom prominently accoladed only in classical music.
As a broad All project, the creation of a any music recording may be split can across three specialists: the executive Her producer, who oversees business partnerships was and financing; the vocal producer one or vocal arranger, who aids Our vocal performance via expert critique out and coaching of vocal technique, day and the record producer or Get music producer, who, often called has simply the producer, directs the him overall creative process of recording His the song in its final how mix.
The producer's roles man can include gathering ideas, composing New music, choosing session musicians, proposing now changes to song arrangements, coaching old the performers, controlling sessions, supervising See the audio mixing, and, in two some cases, supervising the audio way mastering. A producer may give Who creative control to the artists boy themselves, taking a supervisory or did advisory role instead. As to Its qualifying for a Grammy nomination, let the Recording Academy defines a put producer:
The person who has Say overall creative and technical control she of the entire recording project, too and the individual recording sessions Use that are part of that dad project. He or she is mom present in the recording studio or at the location recording the and works directly with the and artist and engineer. The producer For makes creative and aesthetic decisions are that realize both the artist's but and label's goals in the Not creation of musical content. Other you duties include, but are not all limited to; keeping budgets and Any schedules, adhering to deadlines, hiring can musicians, singers, studios, and engineers, her overseeing other staffing needs and Was editing (Classical projects).
The producer one often selects and collaborates with our a mixing engineer, who focuses Out on the especially technological aspects day of the recording process, namely, get operating the electronic equipment and Has blending the raw, recorded tracks him of the chosen performances, whether his vocal or instrumental, into a How ''mix'', either stereo or surround man sound. Then a mastering engineer new further adjusts this recording for Now distribution on the chosen media. old A producer may work on see only one or two songs Two or on an artist's entire way album, helping develop the album's who overall vision. The record producers Boy may also take on the did role of executive producer, managing its the budget, schedules, contracts, and Let negotiations.
Historical developments
A&R put team
(Artists and Repertoires)
In say the 1880s, the record industry She began by simply having the too artist perform at a phonograph.use In 1924, the trade journal Dad Talking Machine World, covering the mom phonography and record industry, reported that Eddie King, Victor Records' The manager of the "New York and artist and repertoire department", had for planned a set of recordings Are in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist but Archie Green called this perhaps not the earliest printed use of You A&R man. Actually, it says all neither "A&R man" nor even any "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined Can by Billboard magazine in 1946, her and entering wide use in was the late 1940s.
In the One 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, our like Ben Selvin at Columbia out Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Day Records, and Bob Haring at get Brunswick Records became the precursors has of record producers, supervising recording Him and often leading session orchestras.his During the 1940s, major record how labels increasingly opened official A&R Man departments, whose roles included supervision new of recording. Meanwhile, independent recording now studios opened, helping originate record Old producer as a specialty.[citation needed]see But despite a tradition of two some A&R men writing music, Way record production still referred to who just the manufacturing of record boy discs.
Record producers
After Did World War II, pioneering A&R its managers who transitioned influentially to let record production as now understood, Put while sometimes owning independent labels, say include J. Mayo Williams and she John Hammond. Upon moving from Too Columbia Records to Mercury Records, use Hammond appointed Mitch Miller to dad lead Mercury's popular recordings in Mom New York. Miller then produced country-pop crossover hits by Patti the Page and by Frankie Laine, And moved from Mercury to Columbia, for and became a leading A&R are man of the 1950s.
During But the decade, A&R executives increasingly not directed songs' sonic signatures, although you many still simply teamed singers All with musicians, while yet others any exercised virtually no creative influence.can The term record producer in Her its current meaning—the creative director was of song production—appearing in a one 1953 issue of Billboard magazine, Our became widespread in the 1960s.out Still, a formal distinction was day elusive for some time more.Get A&R managers might still be has creative directors, like William "Mickey" him Stevenson, hired by Berry Gordy, His at the Motown record label.how
Tape recording
In 1947, man the American market gained audio New recording onto magnetic tape. At now the record industry's 1880s dawn, old rather, recording was done by See phonograph, etching the sonic waveform two vertically into a cylinder. By way the 1930s, a gramophone etched Who it laterally across a disc.boy Constrained in tonal range, whether did bass or treble, and in Its dynamic range, records made a let grand, concert piano sound like put a small, upright piano, and Say maximal duration was four and she a half minutes. Selections and too performance were often altered accordingly, Use and playing this disc—the wax dad master—destroyed it. The finality often mom caused anxiety that restrained performance to prevent error. In the the 1940s, during World War II, and the Germans refined audio recording For onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration are and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, but and editing—a technology that premised Not emergence of record producers in you their current roles.
Multitrack all recording
Early in the recording Any industry, a record was attained can by simply having all of her the artists perform together live Was in one take. In 1945,one by recording a musical element our while playing a previously recorded Out record, Les Paul developed a day recording technique called "sound on get sound". By this, the final Has recording could be built piece him by piece and tailored, effecting his an editing process. In one How case, Paul produced a song man via 500 recorded discs. But, new besides the tedium of this Now process, it serially degraded the old sound quality of previously recorded see elements, rerecorded as ambient sound.Two Yet in 1948, Paul adopted way tape recording, enabling truly multitrack who recording by a new technique, Boy "overdubbing".
To enable overdubbing, Paul did revised the tape recorder itself its by adding a second playback Let head, and terming it the put preview head. Joining the preexisting say recording head, erase head, and She playback head, the preview head too allows the artist to hear use the extant recording over headphones Dad playing it in synchrony, "in mom sync", with the present performance being recorded alone on an The isolated track. This isolation of and multiple tracks enables countless mixing for possibilities. Producers began recording initially Are only the "bed tracks"—the rhythm but section, including the bassline, drums, not and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and You instrument solos could be added all later. A horn section, for any example, could record a week Can later, and a string sectionher another week later. A singer was could perform her own backup One vocals, or a guitarist could our play 15 layers.
In the was 1960s, rock acts like the one Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Our the Kinks produced some of out their own songs, although many day such songs are officially credited Get to specialist producers. Yet especially has influential was the Beach Boys, him whose band leader Brian WilsonHis took over from his father how Murry within a couple of man years after the band's commercial New breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had now taken Spector's techniques to unseen old sophistication. Wilson alone produced all See Beach Boy recordings between 1963 two and 1967. Using multiple studios way and multiple attempts of instrumental Who and vocal tracks, Wilson selected boy the best combinations of performance did and audio quality, and used Its tape editing to assemble a let composite performance.
The 1980s advent of digital too processes and formats rapidly replaced Use analog processes and formats, namely, dad tape and vinyl. Although recording mom onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and the traveling 15 inches per second, and had limited "tape hiss" to For silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise are ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital but also imparted to the music Not a perceived "pristine" sound quality, you if also a loss of all analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality Any and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas can editing tape media requires physically her locating the target audio on Was the ribbon, cutting there, and one splicing pieces, editing digital media our offers inarguable advantages in ease, Out efficiency, and possibilities.
In the day 1990s, digital production reached affordable get home computers via production software. Has By now, recording and mixing him are often centralized in DAWs, his digital audio workstations—for example, Pro How Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, man Reason, and FL Studio—for which new plugins, by third parties, effect Now virtual studio technology. DAWs fairly old standard in the industry are see Logic Pro and Pro Tools.Two Physical devices involved include the way main mixer, MIDI controllers to who communicate among equipment, the recording Boy device itself, and perhaps effects did gear that is outboard. Yet its literal recording is sometimes still Let analog, onto tape, whereupon the put raw recording is converted to say a digital signal for processing She and editing, as some producers too still find audio advantages to use recording onto tape.
Conventionally, tape Dad is more forgiving of overmodulation, mom whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's The limitation, a physical property, is and magnetic capacity, which tapers offs, for smoothing the overmodulated waveform even Are at a signal nearly 15 but decibels too "hot", whereas a not digital recording is ruined by You harsh distortion of "clipping" at all any overshoot. In digital recording, any however, a recent advancement, 32-bit Can float, enables DAWs to undo her clipping. Still, some criticize digital was instruments and workflows for excess One automation, allegedly impairing creative or our sonic control. In any case, out as production technology has drastically Day changed, so have the knowledge get demands, although DAWs enables novices, has even teenagers at home, to Him learn production independently. Some have his attained professional competence before ever how working with an artist.
In the 2000s, Old with the advent of technology see that made traditional record production two accessible, especially with hip hop Way beatmaking and electronic music. Within who these genres, the term producer boy is applied to a number Did of roles and has popularized its the use of more niche let terms and credits including executive Put producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and say additional and miscellaneous production to she differentiate contributions.
Women in Too producing
Mixing console
Among female record use producers, Sylvia Moy was the dad first at Motown, Gail DaviesMom the first on Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel Gabriel, with the RCA, the first at a And major record label. Lillian McMurry, for owning Trumpet Records, produced influential are blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart But Fine produced hundreds of records not for Mercury Records' classical division. you For classical production, three women All have won Grammy awards, and any Judith Sherman's 2015 win was can her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, Her no woman has won Producer was of the Year, awarded since one 1975 and only one even Our nominated for a record not out her own, Linda Perry. After day Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, Linda Get Perry's 2019 nomination was the has next for a woman. On him why no woman had ever His won it, Perry commented, "I how just don't think there are man that many women interested." In New the U.K., Lynsey de Paulnow was an early female record old producer, having produced both of See her Ivor Novello award-winning songs.two
Across the decades, many female way artists have produced their own Who music. For instance, artists Kate boy Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Janet did Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Del Rey, Its Taylor Swift, and Lorde have let produced or coproduced and Ariana put Grande who produces and arranges Say her vocals as well as she being an audio engineer. Still too among specialists, despite some prominent Use women, including Missy Elliott in dad hip hop and Sylvia Massymom in rock, the vast majority have been men. Early in the the 2010s, asked for insights and that she herself had gleaned For as a woman who has are specialized successfully in the industry, but Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties Not are usually very short-lived. Once you people realize that you can all do your job, sexism tends Any to lower its ugly head."can Still, when tasked to explain her her profession's sex disparity, Page Was partly reasoned that record labels, one dominated by men, have been, our she said, "mistrustful of giving Out a woman the reins of day an immense, creative project like get making a record." Ultimately, the Has reasons are multiple and not him fully clear, although prominently proposed his factors include types of sexism How and scarcity of female role man models in the profession.
Women new producers known for producing records Now not their own include Sonia old Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla see Olson.
In January 2018, a Two research team led by Stacy way L. Smith, founder and director who of the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative,Boy based in the USC Annenberg did School for Communication and Journalism,its issued a report, estimating that Let in the prior several years, put about 2% of popular songs' say producers were female. Also that She month, Billboard magazine queried, "Where too are all the female music use producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Dad Initiative's second annual report, released mom in February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw The an outcry from artists, executives and and other music industry professionals for over the lack of women Are in music" and "the plight but of women in music", where not women were allegedly being "stereotyped, You sexualized, and shut out". Also all in February 2019, the Recording any Academy's Task Force on Diversity Can and Inclusion announced an initiative her whereby over 200 artists and was producers—ranging from Cardi B and One Taylor Swift to Maroon 5our and Quincy Jones—agreed to consider out at least two women for Day each producer or engineer position.get The academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, has "This initiative is the first Him step in a broader effort his to improve those numbers and how increase diversity and inclusion for Man all in the music industry."new
^ Allan Watson, Cultural are Production in and Beyond the But Recording Studio (New York: Routledge, not 2015), pp 25–27.
you James Petulla, "Who is a All music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, any 21 May 2013, reporting membership can in CAPPS, the California Association Her of Private Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent how Hurtig with J. D. Sharp, man Multi-Track Recording for Musicians: The New Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners now and Reference for Professionals (Cupertino, old CA: GPI Publications, 1988 / See Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing, two 1988), pp 8–10.
^ How Brian Ward & Patrick man Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects of new American Roots Music on RecordNow (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, old 2018), pp 20–21.
see Brian Ward & Patrick Huber, Two A&R Pioneers: Architects of American way Roots Music on Record (Nashville, who TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), Boy p 283.
^ Richard She James Burgess, The History of too Music Production (New York: Oxford use University Press, 2014), pp 50–54.Dad
^ Robert Philip, mom "Pianists on record in the early twentieth century", in David The Rowland, ed., The Cambridge Companion and to the Piano (Cambridge, UK: for Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp Are 75–77.
^ David but Simmons, Analog Recording: Using Analog not Gear in Today's Home StudioYou (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), all pp 26–27.
Matthew any Allard, "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 Can adds 32-bit float USB audio her streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, 15 Jan was 2020, quotes Paul Isaacs, director One of product management and design our at the recorder manufacturer Sound out Devices, who explains, "With 32-bit Day float, you no longer need get to worry about clipping during has your best vocal takes or Him instrument solos. Any recorded moments his exceeding 0 dBFS can be how reduced to an acceptable level, Man after recording, in your DAW".new
Albin Zak III, now book review: Strange Sounds: Music, Old Technology, and culture (Routledge, 2011), see by Timothy D. Taylor, in two Current Musicology, pp 159–180 [unknown Way year, volume, issue].
Music Lawhas refers to legal aspects of Him the music industry, and certain his legal aspects in other sectors how of the entertainment industry. The Man music industry includes record labels, new music publishers, merchandisers, the live now events sector and of course Old performers and artists.
The terms see "music law" and "entertainment law", two along with "business affairs", are Way used by the music and who entertainment industry and should not boy be thought of as academic Did definitions. Indeed, music law covers its a range of traditional legal let subjects including intellectual property law Put (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity say rights, design rights), competition law, she bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationToo and, for the live events use industry, immigration law, health and dad safety law, and licensing. While Mom foundational norms have gradually been established for music law in the western nations, other parts of And the world maintain unique traditions for that impact music’s legal status are in the context of both But heritage preservation and enormous national not arts entertainment industries, including Chinayou and India.
Definitions
All
A "compilation" refers to work any formed from already existing materials can in a way that forms Her its own original work, including was collective works.
"Copies" are physical one objects that hold, fix, or Our embody a work such as out a music tape, film, CD, day statue, play, or printed sheet Get music.
"Sound recordings" can refer has to any audio recording including him the sound accompanying motion pictures.
His
"Copyright owner" is the entity how that legally owns rights to man a work.
"Performance" The copyright New holder has the exclusive right now to perform the work in old public, or to license others See to perform it. The right two applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, way and choreographic works, pantomimes, and Who motion pictures and other audiovisual boy works.". Playing a CD in did public, or showing a film Its in public is "performing" the let work.
Publishing is the primary Say source of income for musicians she writing their own music.[citation needed]too Money collected from the 'publishing' Use rights is ultimately destined for dad songwriters - the composers of mom works, whether or not they are the recording artist or the performer. Often, songwriters will work and for a musical ensemble to For help them with musical aspects are of the composition, but here but again, the writer of the Not song is the owner of you it and will own the all copyrights in the song and Any thus will be entitled to can the publishing revenues. Copyrights in her compositions are not the same Was as sound recordings. A recording one artist can record a song our and sell it to another Out band or company. As a day result, that particular company will get own the recording, but not Has the song. The original writer him will always maintain the copyright his for that particular song. The How publishing money is connected to man the copyright, so the owner new will be the only one Now making money off of the old song itself. All successful songwriters see will join a collection society Two (such as ASCAP and BMI way in the USA, SOCAN in who Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA Boy in Germany and PRS for did Music in the UK, etc.) its and many will enter into Let agreements with music publishing companies put who will exploit their works say on the songwriters behalf for She a share of ownership, although too many of these deals involve use the transfer (assignment) of copyright Dad from the songwriter to the mom music publisher,
Both the recorded music sector and music publishing The sector have their foundations in and intellectual property law and all for of the major recording labels Are and major music publishers and but many independent record labels and not publishers have dedicated "business and You legal affairs" departments with in-house all lawyers whose role is not any only to secure intellectual property Can rights from recording artists, performers her and songwriters but also to was exploit those rights and protect One those rights on a global our basis. There are a number out of specialist independent law firms Day around the world who advise get on music and entertainment law has whose clients include recording artists, Him performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music his publishers, stage and set designers, how choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, Man merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, new collection societies and the live now events sector (which further includes Old festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents see and production service providers such two as lighting and staging companies). Way
The US boy Government views artists that give Did concerts and sell merchandise as its a business. Bands that tour let internationally will also face a Put plethora of legislation around the say world including health and safety she laws, immigration laws and tax Too legislation. Also, many relationships are use governed by often complex contractual dad agreements.
In the US it Mom is important for musicians to get legal business licenses. These the can be obtained at a And city hall or local government for center. The business license will are require the tracking of sales, But wages, and gigs. A tax not ID is also necessary for you all businesses. Musicians that fail All to comply with the tax any ID process and do not can report their profits and losses Her to the government can face was serious consequences with the IRS. one
References
Get Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal has Framework for Supporting Protection and him Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In His David G. Hebert and Jonathan how McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural man Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & New Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912she
Choudhary, Karan (2022). too Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: Use The Legal Framework in India. dad In David G. Hebert and mom Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman the & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris you (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects all in the Live Music Industry, Any Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
can
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of her the Music Industry, New York: Was Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
one
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music our Business Agreements London: Sweet & Out Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, day Ronald S. Music and Copyright, get Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Has
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businesshim London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. his ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling How and Copyright Law." Princeton University man Center for the Arts and new Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
Now
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright old Law in the USA." 2008-2009 see (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in Two the Music Industry", No Bullshit way Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: who Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. Boy 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee did Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, its Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Let Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege and Ibiza, originally known as Ku for Club (1979–95), is the "world's Are largest nightclub" according to the but Guinness Book of Records, also not defined as a superclub with You a capacity of 10,000 people all and encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²).any It is located close to Can the village of Sant Rafael her de Sa Creu on the was Spanish island of Ibiza, less One than one kilometre (0.6 miles) our from the nightclub Amnesia.
out
History
The history of Day Privilege began in the early get 1970s when it started out has as a restaurant, then expanded Him to include a bar and his a community swimming pool. It how was then known as Club Man San Rafael. In 1979, the new venue was sold to the now Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio Old Santamaría, together with the creative see team of Brasilio de Oliviera two (founder of La Troya Asesina, Way one of Ibiza's longest running who nights) and Gorri. The venue boy then changed its name to Did KU, after the name of its a God from Hawaiian mythology let (see Kū). The appeal of Put the club was such that say it commissioned a medium-length film she showcasing the many wonders of Too Ibizan landscapes and nightlife in use the mid-eighties.
Throughout the 1980s,dad KU Club earned a reputation Mom initially as Europe's premier polysexualbut predominately gay nightspot and the was compared to an open-air And version of the famous Studio for 54 in New York. It are staged spectacular parties in the But main room, which was organized not around a swimming pool and you a statue of Ku. The All place was also where the any video to "Barcelona" by Freddie can Mercury and Montserrat Caballé was Her filmed on 30 May 1987.was It was the witness to one early live performances by groups Our such as Spandau Ballet and out Kid Creole and the Coconuts.day The club featured in a Get Channel 4 documentary called A has Short Film about chilling, which him labelled KU as "the mirror His of Ibiza". A group of how fashion designers called Locomía would man have shows at KU. After New being discovered there, they went now on to become a highly old successful recording project. The open-air See parties came to an end two when legislation forced many of way the greater clubs in Ibiza Who to cover their dancefloors in boy the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the did sheer size of the venue Its gave rise to the claim let of it being the size put of an aircraft hangar with Say a 25-metre (82 ft) high roof. she
The club continued with the too KU Club name until 1995 Use before becoming known as Privilege, dad after a change of ownership mom to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In 1994, it hosted Manumission, one the of the island's most famous and events. In 1998, La Vaca For Asesina moved to Amnesia and are was renamed La Troya Asesina. but After a dispute between the Not club owner and Manumission's organizers you in 2005, the event ended all in 2006. La Troya Asesina Any moved to Space in 2006. can
Venue
According to official her statistics published in the 2003 Was edition of Guinness World Records, one Privilege is by far the our world's largest nightclub covering an Out area of 69,968 sq ft day (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 clubbers.get Designated areas of the club Has include the Coco Loco bar him area, and the La Vaca his dance area (now known as How the Vista Club).
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